THE MONOPOLY OF THE MAMLUKS, THE TRADE OF KARMS AND ITS ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REPERCUSSIONS

Summary:
The economy is considered the pillar of life and the basis for its continuation, especially trade, as it is the one that guides the foreign and domestic policy of countries and controls their interests, so other nations fall into place, and the research problem is based on the importance of trade in karma as a commodity that was high in the Middle Ages and its price, so the countries competed over their monopoly in order to reap their profits, and he was able The Mamluk sultans monopolized that trade for a period of time, but they did not congratulate them, as the Europeans were angry and rushed to search for a way through which they could reach the trade of generosity without passing through Egypt to be free from its exorbitant taxes. The study aims to monitor the negative effects on the Mamluk state in all aspects of economic, social and political life, until it was a factor in its weakness and its decline in the year (923 AH / 1517 CE), and our approach is based on description and analysis. So that the scientific material is extracted from its contents, then collected and classified, and subjected to analysis and comparison to understand the motives of this issue and the extent to which it is affected by the general conditions and their influence on it. And among the results are access to the effects of the Mamluk monopoly on the trade of karm on the merchants who obtained many privileges from the sultans and on the European countries for whom heavy trade fees were imposed, the implications of the transformation to the new road on the Mamluk state in Egypt and the Levant, and the recession it suffered in various walks of life. An easy hunting ground for the Ottomans.
Keywords: Mamluks - Alkarm - Egypt - Europe – India